Menstruation

What is menstruation?

Menstruation, also called a period, is normal vaginal bleeding that happens as part of the monthly cycle in women and girls. Every month, the body prepares for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not happen, the uterus (womb) sheds its lining. This blood and tissue leave the body through the vagina.

What is the menstrual cycle?

The menstrual cycle is the monthly process the body goes through to prepare for pregnancy. It is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next. Most menstrual cycles last about 28 days, but cycles can be shorter or longer and still be normal.

When will my period start?

Most girls start having a period between ages 9 and 15, but some may start earlier or later. A period usually lasts three to seven days and can be light or heavy. It may take a few years to become regular.

Your period may change during times that affect hormones, such as after childbirth or while breastfeeding. Periods usually continue until menopause, which most often happens between ages 45 and 55.

What are the symptoms of menstruation?

In addition to vaginal bleeding, you may have:

• Cramping pain in the lower abdomen (belly) or pelvis
• Lower back pain
• Bloating
• Sore breasts
• Food cravings
• Mood swings or irritability
• Headaches or fatigue

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of physical and emotional symptoms that can happen in the days before a period starts. Many women have some PMS symptoms, which usually go away after their period begins.

Many women and girls use menstrual products such as pads, tampons, menstrual cups, or period underwear to manage bleeding during their period. Changing or cleaning these products often helps you stay comfortable and clean.

What are menstrual irregularities?

Menstrual irregularities are changes in the usual menstrual cycle. These may include missed periods, irregular periods, or heavy bleeding. Common menstrual irregularities include:

• Amenorrhea means not having a period.
• Oligomenorrhea means having periods that happen less often.
• Menorrhagia means very heavy menstrual bleeding.
• Prolonged menstrual bleeding occurs when periods regularly last longer than 8 days.
• Dysmenorrhea refers to painful periods that may include severe cramps.

Keep track of your period each month. This can help you understand your usual cycle, know when to expect your next period, and notice changes.

Talk with your health care provider if you notice major changes in your menstrual cycle, very heavy bleeding, or severe pain. These may be signs of other health problems that need treatment.

NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Questions for your care team

General prompts to help prepare for your appointment.

• How does this information apply to my situation?
• Which symptoms or results need evaluation?
• Which tests are useful, and what can they tell us?
• What care options, benefits, and risks should we discuss?
• When should I seek urgent help, and whom should I call?
• When is follow-up, and how will we know whether the plan is working?